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Disturbance
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A Protection Of Waters Permit is required for disturbing the bed or banks of a stream with a classification of AA, A or B, or with a classification of C with a standard of (T) or (TS) (disturbance may be either temporary or permanent in nature).
A Land Disturbance Permit is required for any land disturbance activity impacting 1 acre or more of land and less than 1 acre of land that is part of a larger Common Plan of Development or sale that will result in disturbance of 1 or more acres.
Low back pain (LBP) is a common health condition that is often associated with disability, psychological distress and work loss. Worldwide, billions of dollars are expended each year trying to manage LBP, often with limited success. Recently, some researchers have reported that LBP patients also report sleep disturbance as a result of their LBP. However, as most of this evidence was obtained from highly selected groups of patients or from studies with small samples, high quality data on prevalence of sleep disturbance for patients with LBP are lacking. It is also unclear whether sleep disturbance is more likely to be reported by patients with recent-onset LBP than by patients with persistent LBP. Finally, it is not known whether high pain intensity, the most relevant condition-specific variable, is associated with higher rates of reported sleep disturbance. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of reported sleep disturbance in patients with LBP. In addition, we aimed to determine whether sleep disturbance was associated with the duration of back pain symptoms and whether pain intensity was associated with reported sleep disturbance. Data from 1,941 patients obtained from 13 studies conducted by the authors or their colleagues between 2001 and 2009 were used to determine the prevalence of sleep disturbance. Logistic regression analyses explored associations between sleep disturbance, the duration of low back symptoms and pain intensity. The estimated prevalence of sleep disturbance was 58.7% (95% CI 56.4-60.7%). Sleep disturbance was found to be dependent on pain intensity, where each increase by one point on a ten-point visual analogue scale (VAS) was associated with a 10% increase in the likelihood of reporting sleep disturbance. Our findings indicate that sleep disturbance is common in patients with LBP. In addition, we found that the intensity of back pain was only weakly associated with sleep disturbance, suggesting that other factors contribute to sleep problems for LBP patients.
Sleep disturbance is perhaps one of the most prevalent complaints of patients with chronically painful conditions. Experimental studies of healthy subjects and cross-sectional research in clinical populations suggest the possibility that the relationship between sleep disturbance and pain might be reciprocal, such that pain disturbs sleep continuity/quality and poor sleep further exacerbates pain. This suggests that aggressive management of sleep disturbance may be an important treatment objective with possible benefits beyond the improvement in sleep. Little is known, however, about how to effectively treat sleep disturbance associated with pain or whether such treatment might have beneficial effects on reducing pain. A small, but growing literature has applied cognitive-behavioral therapies (CBT) for either pain management or insomnia to patients with chronic pain. In this article, we review the longitudinal literature on sleep disturbance associated with chronic pain and clinical trial literatures of cognitive-behavior therapy for pain management and insomnia secondary to chronic pain with the aim of evaluating whether the relationship between clinical pain and insomnia is reciprocal. While methodological problems are common, the literature suggests that the relationship is reciprocal and CBT treatments for pain or insomnia hold promise in reducing pain severity and improving sleep quality. Directions for future research include the use of validated measures of sleep, longitudinal studies, and larger randomized clinical trials incorporating appropriate attentional controls and longer periods of follow-up.
If the land disturbance will be less than one acre and if it is determined by the Division Director that erosion & sediment control plan submittal requirements in 412.060.A.1&2 of the County Codes can be waived, then a MINOR Land Disturbance Permit permit can be issued for a flat fee of $100 without the need to prepare and submit sediment and erosion control plans. Typically individual home construction, outbuildings, additions, and minor residential improvements and grading operations qualify for MINOR permits. If the land disturbance is one acre or greater or if the Director cannot waive the plan submittal requirements, then a MAJOR Land Disturbance permit will be required. Contact the Division of Development Review at 636-949-1814 or Email Development if you are unsure of the type of permit needed.
A Water Reservoir/Dam Permit is required to construct, remove, maintain, or improve a dam and water reservoir where the land disturbance will be 5,000 sq. ft. or greater. Installation or removal of dams/berms across natural watercourses requires an additional permit and approval from either the Director of Community Development or from the County Council per Section 405.5026 of the County Codes.
In addition to the county permit, a permit issued by the Missouri Department of Natural Resources (MDNR) is required to be obtained for land disturbance activities affecting 1 acre or more. This permit also serves as the required federal permit for a National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) required under the federal Clean Water Act. Permits must be obtained from MDNR by visiting their website. The location of their regional office is:Missouri Department of Natural Resources - St. Louis Regional Office7545 S. LindberghSuite 210St. Louis, MO 63125
In order to obtain a major l and disturbance permit, the applicant must insure or guarantee the stabilization of the site upon completion or stoppage of the land disturbance activity by posting a performance guaranty in accordance with Section 412.080 of the County Codes. A base inspection fee must also be paid in accordance with Section 425.020.N.2 of the County Codes before the permit will be issued. Any unused portion of the inspection fee will be reimbursed to the permitee. If inspection hours exceed the base fee, then the additional inspection hours will be billed to the permittee at the rate of $25/hour. The permit will not be closed and the performance guaranty will not be released until the additional hours invoice is paid for.
The SEDW enables Medicaid to fund necessary home and community-based services for children with serious emotional disturbance who meet the criteria for admission to the state inpatient psychiatric hospital (Hawthorn Center) and/or are at risk of hospitalization without waiver services. The CMHSP is responsible for assessment of potential waiver candidates.
Southwestern grassland and shrubland communities expand and contract in response to the frequency and intensity of natural disturbance events (Ford et al. 2004) and are also shaped by anthropogenic influences.
Colorado Plateau semi-desert grasslands and shrub-steppe In the most sparsely-vegetated, semi-arid grasslands, wildfire is of limited importance as a natural disturbance. Examples of such fuel-limited grasslands can be seen in Glen Canyon National Recreation Area and Chaco Culture National Historic Park. However, wildfire can be an important natural disturbance on more productive, densely vegetated grasslands, such as those that occur at Wupatki National Monument (Miller 2005).
Anthropogenic stressors in southwestern grasslands and shrub steppe include altered fire regimes, livestock grazing, the introduction and spread of exotic invasive plants, disturbance of biological crusts, and development (urban and agricultural).
The first cattle arrived in the Southwest in 1540 with the Spanish explorer Francisco Vasquez de Coronado. Bred in a semi-arid environment in western Spain, these cattle were well-adapted to the region's climate (Milchunas 2006). Through the 1700s, the numbers of cattle, sheep, and goats in the Southwest increased, and by 1846 signs of overgrazing began to appear near Sante Fe, the Rio Grande Valley, and the Rio Puerco watershed in New Mexico (Milchunas 2006). However, grazing generally remained a small disturbance until the cattle boom of the 1880s.
Colonization by invasive, exotic plants, livestock grazing, foot traffic, and motorized vehicle traffic can cause a decrease in biological soil crust cover (Belnap et al. 2001). Biological soil crusts are fragile and slow to re-establish after disturbance. Because well-established biological soil crusts tend to be darker in color than bare or disturbed soils, they absorb and retain more solar radiation (Belnap et al. 2001). Lighter soils have increased surface albedo (energy reflected off of the soil surface) and cooler soil temperatures, which decrease plant metabolic processes and seedling growth rates, delay seed germination, and interfere with surface foraging of insects and small mammals (Belnap et al. 2001). Disturbance of biological soil crusts can also increase erosion and surface runoff. Of all soil types, biological soil crusts are least vulnerable to trampling by livestock when soils are frozen or protected by snow (Belnap et al. 2001).
The requirements of the Construction CSGP applies to all persons who are involved in construction activity (which includes clearing, grading, excavation and other land-disturbing activities) that results in the disturbance of one (1) acre or more of total land area. If the land-disturbing activity results in the disturbance of less than one (1) acre of total land area but is part of a larger common plan of development or sale, the project must obtain permit coverage under the CSGP. 59ce067264